Emission Control

waiver Control Techniques 1. INTRODUCTION The need to secure the runs from automobiles gave sharpen to the computerization of the automobile. Hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen atomic number 18 created during the conflagration process and atomic number 18 emitted into the atmosphere from the tail pipe. at that place atomic number 18 similarly hydrocarbons emitted as a result of vaporization of muck upoline and from the crankcase of the automobile. The clean product line carry of 1977 set set ups as to the amount of each of these pollutants that could be emitted from an automobile.The manuf pieceurers answer was the addition of certain pollution reckon arts and the creation of a self-adjusting locomotive locomotive engine. 1981 saw the first of these self-adjusting engines. They were c exclusivelyed feedback sack give carcasss. An oxygen sensor was installed in the squeeze out establishment and would measure the fuel content of the exhaus t stream. It then would send a signal to a microprocessor, which would analyze the reading and ope send a fuel mixture or piece of cake mixture device to create the kosher business line/fuel ratio.As computer systems progressed, they were able to adjust ignition trip up time as well as operate the other electric discharge suss outs that were installed on the vehicle. The computer is also capable of monitoring and diagnosing itself. If a fault is seen, the computer ordain alert the vehicle manipulator by illuminating a mal exploit indicator lamp. The computer forget at the same measure record the fault in its memory, so that a technician provide at a later go through retrieve that fault in the cause of a code which impart help them determine the proper rep appearance.Some of the much popular emanation control devices installed on the automobile argon EGR valve, Catalytic Converter, striving Pump, PCV Valve, Charcol Canitiser etc. Like SI engine CI engines are also major source of spark. some(prenominal) experiments and technologies are developed and a lot of experiments are going on to thin out emission from CI engine. The main constituents ca knowledge diesel motor emission are smoke, porno, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxides etc. Unlike SI engine, emission produced by carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon in CI engine is small.Inorder to give break off engine performance the emission must be reduce to a great extend. The emission put forward be reduced by using smoke suppressant additives, using particulate pin ups, SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) etc. 2. run secure IN SI engine 2. 1. Methods to reduce emission in SI engine. 2. 1. 1. Catalytic Converter Automotive emissions are controlled in three ways, one is to promote more complete combustion so that there are less by products. The second is to reintroduce excessive hydrocarbons back into the engine for combustion and the third is to turn in an additional area for oxidation or combustion to occur.This additional area is called a catalytic convertor. The catalytic converter looks like a muffler. It is located in the exhaust system ahead of the muffler. Inside the converter are pellets or a honeycomb made of platinum or palladium. The platinum or palladiums are apply as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance enjoymentd to speed up a chemical process). As hydrocarbons or carbon monoxide in the exhaust are passed oer the catalyst, it is chemically oxidized or converted to carbon dioxide and water. As the converter kit and caboodle to clean the exhaust, it develops heat.The dirtier the exhaust, the harder the converter works and the more heat that is developed. In some cases the converter can be seen to g offset from excessive heat. If the converter works this hard to clean a dirty exhaust it will destroy itself. Also conduct fuel will put a coating on the platinum or palladium and transform the converter ineffective. 2. 1. 2. PCV Valve The purpose of the positive crankcase respiration (PCV) system, is to take the vapors produced in the crankcase during the normal combustion process, and redirecting them into the air/fuel intake system to be swerveed during combustion.These vapors dilute the air/fuel mixture, they take a shit to be carefully controlled and metered so as not to affect the performance of the engine. This is the job of the positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve. At idle, when the air/fuel mixture is very critical, just a little of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. At gameschool speed when the mixture is less critical and the pressures in the engine are greater, more of the vapors are allowed in to the intake system. When the valve or the system is clogged, vapors will back up into the air filter housing or at worst, the excess pressure will push past seals and create engine oil leaks.If the wrong valve is used or the system has air leaks, the engine will idle rough, or at worst engine oil will be sucked out of the engine. 2. 1. 3. EGR Valve The purpose of the exhaust gas recirculation valve (EGR) valve is to meter a small amount of exhaust gas into the intake system this dilutes the air/fuel mixture so as to lower the combustion sleeping accommodation temperature. Excessive combustion chamber temperature creates oxides of nitrogen, which is a major pollutant. While the EGR valve is the most effective method of authoritative oxides of nitrogen, in its very design it adversely affects engine performance.The engine was not designed to run on exhaust gas. For this reason the amount of exhaust entering the intake system has to be carefully monitored and controlled. This is everlasting(a) through a series of electrical and vacuum switches and the vehicle computer. Since EGR action reduces performance by diluting the air /fuel mixture, the system does not allow EGR action when the engine is cold or when the engine necessitate full power. pic Fig. 2. 4. EGR Val ve 2. 1. 4. Evaporative Controls Gasoline evaporates quite easily. In the past these evaporative emissions were vented into the atmosphere. 0% of all HC emissions from the automobile are from the gas tank. In 1970 legislation was passed, prohibiting venting of gas tank fumes into the atmosphere. An evaporative control system was developed to eliminate this source of pollution. The function of the fuel evaporative control system is to trap and store evaporative emissions from the gas tank and carburetor. A charcoal canister is used to trap the fuel vapors. The fuel vapors adhere to the charcoal, until the engine is started, and engine vacuum can be used to draw the vapors into the engine, so that they can be burned along with the fuel/air mixture.This system requires the use of a sealed gas tank filler cap. This cap is so important to the proceeding of the system, that a discharge of the cap is now being integrated into many state emission re quite a little article syllabuss. Pre -1970 cars released fuel vapors into the atmosphere through the use of a vented gas cap. Today with the use of sealed caps, redesigned gas tanks are used. The tank has to have the space for the vapors to collect so that they can then be vented to the charcoal canister. A purge valve is used to control the vapor campaign into the engine. The purge valve is operated by engine vacuum.One common problem with this system is that the purge valve goes bad and engine vacuum draws fuel directly into the intake system. This enriches the fuel mixture and will foul the spark plugs. approximately charcoal canisters have a filter that should be regenerated periodically. This system should be checked when fuel gasoline mileage drops. 2. 1. 5. Air dig Since no internal combustion engine is 100% efficient, there will eer be some unburned fuel in the exhaust. This increases hydrocarbon emissions. To eliminate this source of emissions an air blastoff system was created. combustion requires fue l, oxygen and heat.Without any one of the three combustion cannot occur. Inside the exhaust manifold there is suitable heat to support combustion, if we introduce some oxygen than any unburned fuel will ignite. This combustion will not produce any power, but it will reduce excessive hydrocarbon emissions. Unlike in the combustion chamber, this combustion is uncontrolled, so if the fuel content of the exhaust is excessive, explosions that sound like popping will occur. thither are times when under normal conditions, such as deceleration, when the fuel content is excessive. Under these conditions we would insufficiency to shut off the air guesswork system.This is accomplished through the use of a diverter valve, which instead of end the air pump off diverts the air away from the exhaust manifold. Since all of this is done after the combustion process is complete, this is one emission control that has no effect on engine performance. The only alimentation that is required is a car eful inspection of the air pump drive belt. 2. 2. Modification in SI engine to reduce emission. Multi-port fuel injection system to completely replace carburetors. Electronic engine focussing to accurately regulate fuel supply to cylinders by sensing various engine parameters. 4-valve system to replace 2-valve system, alter combustion chamber design and changed inlet manifold design for axial social stratification of charge. Turbo-charged (TC) and Turbo-charged After Cooled (TCAC) engines. Turbo-compounded engines they are found to be upto 18 per cent better than the conventional engines. After treatment, catalytic converter and exhaust gas recycling. Some future directions for engines are Lean burn technology, air-fuel ratio as lean as 221 is possible with 4-valves, high swirl and squish generated turbulence. Use of ceramic components (e. g. low density Silicon Nitride, Si3N4) such as piston pins, valves, blades in turbochargers. Variable Valve Activation (VVA) providing improved charge control of SI engines, reducing fuel consumption by 5 per cent at low/medium speed and13 per cent at full engine speed. 3. arc CONTROL IN CI engine 3. 1. Methods to reduce emission in CI engine 3. 1. 1 particulate filter. Particulate filters are highly effective in the elimination of particulate matter (PM10) or soot from diesel exhaust. It has a variety of filter coatings and designs, depending of the engine application and duty cycle. . 1. 2. Selective catalytic reducing Selective Catalytic Reduction of dark (generally abbreviated with SCR de dark) is a very powerful technology to reduce the NOx emission and fuel consumption of hand truck and passenger car diesel engines. The European truck manufacturers starting in October 2005, when EURO-4 emissions legislation enters into force, will introduce SCR deNOx on a gravid scale. With SCR deNOx a 32. 5% aqueous urea solution is injected upstream of the catalyst. Urea which converts to NH3 (ammonia) in the hot exh aust gases reacts with NOx to form harmless N2 and H2O.The urea quantity needs to be precisely dosed as a function of the engine NOx output and the catalyst operating conditions. 3. 1. 3. Smoke Suppressant additives There are a number of additives, which are added in order to reduce the smoke from CI engine. HYDRAX ATH (hydrated alumina), HYDRAMAX (magnesium hydroxides and hydroxy-carbonates), CHARMAX LS (low smoke), CHARMAX LS ZST & LS ZHS (zinc stannates & zinc hydroxystannates), CHARMAX AOM & MO (ammonium octamolybdate & molybdic oxide), CHARMAX ZB200 & ZB400 (zinc, magnesium, and calcium borates) etc.This reduces the amount of smoke produced by various chemical reactions. The smoke produced can also be controlled by deairating, maintenance, catalytic mufflers, fumigation etc. 3. 1. 4. Control of odour It is very difficult to estimate the odour produced by the diesel engine because the lack of standard tests has not allowed much work to be done in this direction. Catalytic odour control system muffler and or catalyst container are under increase and it has been found that certain oxidation catalysts if used under favorable conditions reduce odour intensity.But the tests are still going on. 3. 1. 5. Exhaust Gas and After treatment Modeling While the diesel (compression ignition) engine is more efficient than the conventional spark ignition engine from a thermo propulsives standpoint, it has the potential for a large negative environmental impact. The lean combustion of these devices provides the perfect environment for the production of NOx relatively high temperatures and abundant oxygen. In addition, direct injection of fuel into the combustion chamber creates rich fuel pockets that can cause the formation of particulate matter (soot).Recently these emissions have set under increased testing from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Their radical nature (smog) in the atmosphere and subsequent health hazards has caused the EPA to act to increase th e regulation standards for both 2007 and 2010. Unlike the three-way catalysts currently used on spark-ignition based platforms, diesel after treatment systems will not utilize one device for all problematic emissions. Instead, devices are targeted to take care of only one or a few issues at a time.For instance, diesel motor Particulate Filters (DPF) might take care of the particulate matter while a Diesel oxidation Catalyst (DOC) will eliminate the CO and HC and a Lean NOx Trap is used for the NOx emissions. Until now, diesel engine manufacturers have been able to meet the legislation though in-cylinder technology. The proposed EPA legislation has caused the diesel industriousness to work on finding cost-efficient after treatment technology while still sounding in-cylinder for improvements. 3. 2. Modification in CI engine to reduce emission 3. 2. 1. Commercial vehicle emission controlSeveral improvements are needed. These could be achieved through redesigning of engines and applica tion of new technologies Improvement in fuel injection system and use of higher injection pressure. . . Common rail system unit injections instead of multi-cylinder fuel injection pumps. Electronically controlled injection system to provide variable injection timing with good dynamic response to engine load, speed, and temperature. Improved cylinder head design, inlet port, reentrant combustion chambers. 4-Valve system to improve volumetric efficiency and provide better mixing of fuel and air. Turbo-charged and Turbo-charged aftercooled engines to provide higher specific power, better fuel economy, and less emission pollution. After-treatment, particulate traps, and catalytic converters. 3. 2. 2. Passenger Car Diesel Engine In India, Indirect Injection (IDI) diesel engines are commonly used in passenger cars. Due to the set policies of fuels, the running cost of diesel cars is lower than those of petrol cars. Diesel engines are popular for taxis, most of which are retrofitted by diesel engines. Private cars with OE diesel engines are also in demand.Major directions for engine culture to control different pollutants are as follows HC emission control requires, low sac volume nozzles cope combustion of injected fuel minimum lube consumption. NOx emission control is helped by, cooling of intake air before entering the engine Retarded combustion and Moderate air motion. Particulate emission control is helped by, high injection pressure fine fuel atomization intensive air motion high excess air and minimum lube consumption. 4. EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI AND CI ENGINEThe first Indian emission regulations were idle emission limits which became effective in 1989. These idle emission regulations were before long replaced by mass emission limits for both gasoline (1991) and diesel (1992) vehicles, which were gradually tightened during the 1990s. Since the year 2000, India started adopting European emission and fuel regulations for four-wheeled wanton-duty and for heavy-duty vehicles. Indian own emission regulations still apply to two- and three-wheel vehicles. 4. 1. emission control norms in SI engine. circuit card. 4. 1 EMISSION CONTROL NORMS IN SI ENGINE Level of Emission 2/3 Wheelers 4 Wheelers Norms 2-Stroke 4-Stroke 4-Stroke * Intake, exhaust, * Intake, exhaust, combustion optimization * 4-Stroke engine combustion optimization Euro I /India 2000 * Catalytic converter technology *Carburetor optimization * Secondary air injection * animated tube * open fire njection Euro II / * Catalytic converter * Secondary air * Catalytic converter Bharat set II * CNG / LPG injection * Fixed EGR (3 wheelers only) * CNG / LPG * Multi-valve (3 wheelers only) * CNG/LPG * Fuel injection +catalytic * Fuel injection * Fuel injection converter * Catalytic converter * Carburetor+ * Variable EGR Euro trio/ Bharat portray catalytic converter * Variable valve timing III * Multi-valve * On-board diagnostics system * CNG/LPG * Direct cylinder Euro IV / * To be developed * Lean burn injection Bharat Stage IV * Fuel injection+ * Multi-brick catalytic converter catalytic converter * On-board diagnostics system Euro norms are not applicable for 2 / 3 wheelers in India 4. 2. Emission control norms in CI engine Level Of Emission Norms Technology Options Retarded injection timing Open/re-entrant bowl, Euro I / India 2000 Intake, exhaust and combustion optimisation FIP700-800 bar, low sac injectors High swirl Naturally aspirated Turbocharging Injection pressure 800 bar, moderate swirl High pressure inline / rotary pumps, injection rate control Euro II / VO nozzles Bharat Stage II Re-entrant combustion chamber Lube oil consumption control Inter-cooling (optional, depends on specific power), EGR (may be required for high speed car engines) Conversion to CNG with catalytic converter Multi valve, moo swirl high injection pressure 120 bar Rotary pumps, pilot injection rate shaping Electronic fuel injection Euro III / Critical lube oil consumption control Bharat Stage III Variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) Inter-cooling Oxycat & EGR CNG/LPG High specific power output Particulate trap NOx trap On board Diagnostics system Euro IV / Common rail injection-injection pressure1600 bar Bharat Stage IV Fuel Cell CNG/LPG On October 6, 2003, the National Auto Fuel Policy has been announced, which envisages a phased program for introducing Euro 2 4 emission and fuel regulations by 2010. The implementation schedule of EU emission standards in India is summarized in Table 4. 3 The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the several(prenominal) regions.In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the other 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) is be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Table. 4. 3. INDIAN EMISSION STANDARDS Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles) Standard Reference Date Region India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai 2003-04 NCR*, 10 Cities 2004-05 Nationwide Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005-04 NCR*, 10 Cities 2004-10 Nationwide Bharat StageIV Euro 4 2010-04 NCR*, 10 Cities * National Capital Region (Delhi) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra The above standards apply to all new 4-wheel vehicles sold and registered in the single regions. In addition, the National Auto Fuel Policy introduces certain emission requirements for interstate buses with routes originating or terminating in Delhi or the o ther 10 cities. For 2-and 3-wheelers, Bharat Stage II (Euro 2) will be applicable from April 1, 2005 and Stage III (Euro 3) standards would come in force preferably from April 1, 2008, but not later than April 1, 2010. Emission standards for new heavy-duty diesel enginesapplicable to vehicles of GVW 3,500 kgare listed in Table 4. 4. Emissions are tested over the ECE R49 13-mode test (through the Euro II stage). Table 4. 4 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR DIESEL TRUCK AND BUS ENGINES, G/KWH Year Emission standards for light-duty diesel vehicles (GVW ? 3,500 kg) are summarized in Table 3. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes (by reference mass) of light commercial vehicles compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page for details on the Euro 1 and later standards. The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg up to 6 seats). Table 4. EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL VEHICLES, G/KM Year The test cycle has been the ECE + EUDC for low power vehicles (with maximum speed limited to 90 km/h). Before 2000, emissions were measured over an Indian test cycle. Engines for use in light-duty vehicles can be also emission tested using an engine dynamometer. The respective emission standards are listed in Table 4. 3 Table 4. 6 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR LIGHT-DUTY DIESEL ENGINES, G/KWH Year Emission standards for gasoline vehicles (GVW ? ,500 kg) are summarized in Table 5. Ranges of emission limits refer to different classes of light commercial vehicles (compare the EU light-duty vehicle emission standards page). The lowest limit in each range applies to passenger cars (GVW ? 2,500 kg up to 6 seats). Table 4. 7 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR GASOLINE VEHICLES (GVW ? 3,500 KG), G/KM Year Reference CO HC HC+NOx 1991 - 14. 3-27. 2. 0-2. 9 - 1996 - 8. 68-12. 4 - 3. 00-4. 36 1998* - 4. 34-6. 20 - 1. 50-2. 18 2000 Euro 1 2. 72-6. 90 - 0. 97-1. 70 2005 Euro 2 2. 2-5. 0 - 0. 5-0. 7 * for catalytic converter fitted vehicle s earlier introduction in selected regions, see Table 4. Gasoline vehicles must also meet an evaporative (SHED) limit of 2 g/test (effective 2000). Emission standards for 3- and 2-wheel gasoline vehicles are listed in the following tables. Table 4. 8 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 3-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM Year CO HC HC+NOx 1991 12-30 8-12 - 1996 6. 5 - 5. 40 2000 4. 00 - 2. 00 Table 4. 9 EMISSION STANDARDS FOR 2-WHEEL GASOLINE VEHICLES, G/KM Year CO HC HC+NOx 1991 12-30 8-12 - 1996 4. 0 - 3. 60 2000 2. 00 - 2. 00 CONCLUSION Efforts are being made to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and maximize the workout of environment-friendly efficiency sources and fuels for meeting vigor needs. In India, the demand for oil for the transport sector is estimated to increase over the next decade. This sector is the largest consumer of petroleum products . Government is providing policy support, fiscal incentives and regulatory measures for development of alternative energ y vehicles and fuels.Battery operated vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, hydrogen powered vehicles and bio-fuel powered vehicles have been identified in this context. The development activities of such fuels and vehicles need to be further encouraged particularly in view of their potential to encourage the environment. Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) use the combination of engine of a conventional vehicle with electric motor powered by traction batteries and/or fuel cell. This combination helps in achieving both the energy and environmental goals. The deployment of a large number of this type of vehicles would help us in terms of environmental benefits, lessening of oil consumption and reduction in emissions. In hybrid electric vehicles propulsion, energy is available from more than one source of energy.The three configurations of HEV are series hybrid system, parallel hybrid system and interrupt hybrid system. Fuel cells produce electricity, employing reaction between hydrogen and ox ygen gases, electrochemically. Fuel cells are efficient, environmentally benign, compact, modular and reliable for power generation. Different type of Fuel cells currently under development are the Protons Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs), Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFCs), Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFCs),Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) etc. Hydrogen is receiving worldwide attention as a clean fuel and efficient energy storage medium for automobiles. Hydrogen can replace or supplement oil used in road transportation.Bio-fuel is an efficient, environment friendly, 100 per cent natural energy alternative to petroleum fuels9-10. In view of the potential of being produced from several agricultural sources and because of its low emission characteristics, bio-fuels in recent years are receiving a great deal of attention as a substitute to petroleum fuels. Ethanol and bio-diesel are the two bio-fuels which are being looked upon as the potential fuels for surface transportation. RE FERENCES 1. www. howstuffworks. com 2. www. dieselnet. in 3. www. auto101. com 4. www. wikipedia. com 5. Mathur & Sharma. Internal Combustion Engine, Dhanpat rai publications. pp 774- 778 1. SEMINAR issuance FROM www. edufive. com/seminartopics. html